In Hypothesis Testing 1, you were introduced to the ideas of hypothesis testing in the context of deciding whether a coin was fair or biased in favor of heads. In this section hypothesis testing ...

During his Ph.D. research, mathematician Tyron Lardy worked on a new approach to hypothesis testing. Instead of the traditional p-value, he uses so-called e-values. These turn out to be more ...

Read on to learn more about what a t-test is, the different formulas used, and when to apply each type to compare means and ...

Reviewed by David KindnessFact checked by Yarilet PerezReviewed by David KindnessFact checked by Yarilet Perez In statistics, a p-value is defined as In statistics, a p-value indicates the likelihood ...

At times we wish to examine statistical evidence, and determine whether it supports or contradicts a claim that has been made (or that we might wish to make) concerning the entire population. This is ...

Imagine, if you dare, a world without P values. Perhaps you’re already among the lucky participants in the human race who don’t know what a P value is. Trust me, you don’t want to. P stands for ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...